@article { author = {Saibabu, Venkata and Fatima, Zeeshan and Ahmad, Kamal and Khan, Luqman and Hameed, Saif}, title = {Efficiency of vanillin in impeding metabolic adaptability and virulence of Candida albicans by inhibiting glyoxylate cycle, morphogenesis, and biofilm formation}, journal = {Current Medical Mycology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {1-8}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2423-3439}, eissn = {2423-3420}, doi = {10.18502/cmm.6.1.2501}, abstract = {Background and Purpose: Candida albicans is the fourth most common cause of nosocomial fungal infections across the world. The current drug regimens are suffering from such drawbacks as drug resistance, toxicity, and costliness; accordingly, they highlight the need for the discovery of novel drug agents. The metabolic adaptability under low-carbon conditions and expression of functional virulence traits mark the success of pathogens to cause infection. The metabolic pathways, such as glyoxylate cycle (GC), enable C. albicans to survive under glucose-deficient conditions prevalent in the hostile niche. Therefore, the key enzymes, namely isocitrate lyase (ICL) and malate synthase (MLS), represent attractive agents against C. albicans. Similarly, virulence traits, such as morphogenesis and biofilm formation, are the crucial determinants of C. albicans pathogenicity. Regarding this, the present study was conducted to uncover the role of vanillin (Van), a natural food flavoring agent, in inhibiting GC, yeast-to-hyphal transition, and biofilm formation in human fungal pathogen C. albicans. Materials and Methods: For the determination of hypersensitivity under low-glucose conditions, phenotypic susceptibility assay was utilized. In addition, enzyme activities were estimated based on crude extracts while in-silico binding was confirmed by molecular docking. The assessment of morphogenesis was accomplished using hyphalinducing media, and biofilm formation was estimated using calcofluor staining, MTT assay, and biomass measurement. Additionally, the in vivo efficacy of Van was demonstrated using Caenorhabditis elegans nematode model. Results: Based on the results, Van was found to be a potent GC inhibitor that phenocopied ICL1 deletion mutant and displayed hypersensitivity under low-carbon conditions. Accordingly, Van facilitated the inhibition of ICL and MLS activities in vitro. Molecular docking analyses revealed the in-silico binding affinity of Van with Icl1p and Mls1p. Those analyses were also confirmative of the binding of Van to the active sites of both proteins with better binding energy in comparison to their known inhibitors. Furthermore, Van led to the attenuation of such virulence traits as morphogenesis, biofilm formation, and cell adherence. Finally, the antifungal efficacy of Van was demonstrated by the enhanced survival of C. elegans with Candida infection. The results also confirmed negligible hemolytic activity on erythrocytes. Conclusion: As the findings of the present study indicated, Van is a persuasive natural compound that warrants further attention to exploit its anticandidal potential}, keywords = {Biofilm,Caenorhabditis elegans,Candida,glyoxylate cycle,Morphogenesis,Vanillin}, url = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_102324.html}, eprint = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_102324_bb6abdd2c93d49ecca2e70848f96c4c3.pdf} } @article { author = {Hassanpour, Parviz and Shams-Ghahfarokhi, Masoomeh and Razzaghi-Abyaneh, Mehdi}, title = {Antifungal activity of eugenol on Cryptococcus neoformans biological activity and Cxt1p gene expression}, journal = {Current Medical Mycology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {9-14}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2423-3439}, eissn = {2423-3420}, doi = {10.18502/cmm.6.1.2502}, abstract = {Background and Purpose: The present study was targeted toward investigating the effects of eugenol on Cryptococcus neoformans biological activity and Cxt1p gene expression. Materials and Methods: For the purpose of the study, the growth, urease, synergism activity, and disk diffusion of C. neoformans were assessed in eugenol-treated culture. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M27-A3 method at a concentration range of 0.062-2 mg/mL. Subsequently, the expression of Cxt1p genes was studied at the MIC50 concentration of eugenol using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The obtained results showed that eugenol at the concentrations of 125 and 500 μg/mL resulted in 50% and 100% growth inhibition in C. neoformans, respectively. In terms of urease activity, the results showed that the addition of MIC50 of eugenol and fluconazole to urea medium reduced urease activity in C. neoformans. In the culture treated with eugenol, the inhibition zone of antifungal drugs, namely amphotericin B, itraconazole, and fluconazole, was increased to 36±0.002, 22±0.001, and 12±0.002 mm, respectively. The expression levels of Cxt1p in the eugenol-treated, fluconazole-treated, and non-treated samples were estimated at 46%, 58%, and 100%, respectively. Conclusion: The findings of the current study revealed that eugenol could cause C. neoformans growth inhibition and reduce Cxt1p expression in this species. As the results indicated, the susceptibility of C. neoformans to fluconazole was increased when combined with eugenol.  }, keywords = {Antifungal effects,Cryptococcus neoformans,Cxt1p gene,Eugenol,Real-Time PCR}, url = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_103196.html}, eprint = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_103196_66a842ac29d8c291aa7fc36dd35fd6f2.pdf} } @article { author = {Pakshir, Keyvan and Farazmand, Forough and Ghasemi, Farnoush and Mirhendi, Hossein and Zomorodian, Kamiar and Kharazi, Mahboobeh and Alborzi pour, Ramtin and Golestani, Hajar and Motamedi, Marjan}, title = {Translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene as a marker for diagnosing of candidal onychomycosis}, journal = {Current Medical Mycology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {15-21}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2423-3439}, eissn = {2423-3420}, doi = {10.18502/cmm.6.1.2503}, abstract = {Background and Purpose: Culture-based identification methods have been the gold standard for the diagnosis of candidal onychomycosis. Molecular technologies, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, can provide an alternative for the rapid detection of Candida species. The present study was conducted to investigate a pan-Candida PCR assay based on the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF-1α) gene for the detection of the most prevalent pathogenic Candida species. Materials and Methods: For the purpose of the study, an optimized pan-Candida PCR primer pair was designed, and the target was amplified and sequenced. The analytical and clinical diagnostic performance of the designed primers was tested using 17 reference strains, 137 nail scrapings suspected of onychomycosis, and 10 healthy nail specimens. Results: The use of the universal pan-Candida primers designed on TEF-1α gene resulted in the successful amplification of a 270-base pair fragment in all Candida species tested, except for C. glabrata, and reacted neither with other fungi nor with E. coli. The sequence difference count matrix showed poor insertion/deletion differences (0-2 nt) among Candida species. Among 137 nail specimens, 35% (n=48), 30.7% (n=42), and 40.1% (n=55) of the samples were found to be positive by direct microscopy, culture, and pan-Candida PCR, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the PCR-based detection targeting the DNA TEF-1α gene is a rapid and simple procedure for the diagnosis of candidal onychomycosis directly from nail sample.}, keywords = {Candidal onychomycosis,Pan-Candida PCR assay,Translation elongation factor 1-alpha}, url = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_102886.html}, eprint = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_102886_1eb627b3ce811d7c8aaf5918f688a03e.pdf} } @article { author = {Ghaemmaghami, Seyed Soheil and Pashootan, Nasrin and Razzaghi-Abyaneh, Mehdi}, title = {Toxigenicity and phylogeny of Aspergillus section Flavi in poultry feed in Iran}, journal = {Current Medical Mycology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {22-29}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2423-3439}, eissn = {2423-3420}, doi = {10.18502/cmm.6.1.2504}, abstract = {Background and Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the presence of aflatoxigenic strains and level of aflatoxin in poultry feed. Aflatoxigenic strains were investigated in corn and soybean meal as the ingredients of poultry feed, as well as in two types of commercial feed, namely pellet and mash. The gene sequencing was performed to identify the species of Aspergillus section Flavi. Materials and Methods: All samples were randomly collected from feed storage silos located in Iran in 2018. The samples were cultured on specialized media for 2 weeks at 28ºC. Identification of Aspergillus section Flavi isolates was based on macro- and microscopic morphological criteria and molecular analysis. The thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was applied to confirm the aflatoxigenic isolates. In addition, the level of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) produced by these isolates was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The strains were subjected to sequence analysis, and Bt2 PCR products were purified by the QIAquick PCR purification kit. At the final stage, the phylogenetic tree was built. Results: Among 54 isolates identified as Aspergillus section Flavi, 20 (37%) isolates were found to produce aflatoxin at a range of 11.28±1.18 to 2239.92±92.26 μg/g fungal dry weight. The aflatoxigenic isolates had the frequencies of 45%, 40%, 10%, and 5% in the corn, pellet, soybean meal, and mash samples, respectively. Furthermore, the mean concentrations of AFB1 were significantly higher in the corn samples (707.04±39.05) than that of other poultry feed samples (p <0.05). A total of 34 (63%) isolates were detected as non-aflatoxigenic on the yeast extract-sucrose broth in TLC analysis. The toxigenic isolates produced the highest (2232.62±55.49) and lowest (11.28±1.18) levels of AFB1 in the corn samples, compared to other feedstuffs. Furthermore, the mean level of AFB1 in mash product was 554.09±10.36 μg/g, compared to a mean level of 229.22±11.09 μg/g in pellets. The isolates were randomly selected, sequenced, and then analyzed. Subsequently, the phylogenetic tree of Aspergillus section Flavi was plotted. Conclusion: The process of converting raw ingredients to compound poultry feed is more hazardous when there is not enough time and temperature provided to eliminate aflatoxigenic isolates. Therefore, Aspergillus section Flavi in poultry feed can pose a threat to the poultry industry and poultry products, thereby affecting the health status of humans. Unprocessed/processed materials, such as corns and pelleted feed, need further monitoring, especially when conditions are not optimal for destroying the fungus.}, keywords = {Aflatoxigenic strains,Aflatoxin B1,Aspergillus section Flavi,Corn,Poultry feed,phylogenetic tree}, url = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_103809.html}, eprint = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_103809_9ce18ecf9ec2827644b0bac93e3cef2b.pdf} } @article { author = {Zarei, Fereshteh and Hashemi, Jamal and Salehi, Mohamadreza and Mahmoudi, Shahram and Zibafar, Ensieh and Ahmadinejad, Zahra and Rahimi Foroushani, Abbas and Ardi, Pegah and Daie Ghazvini, Roshanak}, title = {Molecular characterization of fungi causing colonization and infection in organ transplant recipients: A one-year prospective study}, journal = {Current Medical Mycology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {30-35}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2423-3439}, eissn = {2423-3420}, doi = {10.18502/cmm.6.1.2505}, abstract = {Background and Purpose: Organ transplant recipients are vulnerable to fungal infections. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of fungal colonization and infections among patients who underwent various transplantations and molecularly characterize the etiological agents. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on candidates for transplantation in Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from April 2017 to April 2018. All patients were monitored for fungal colonization or infections before and after transplantation. Isolated fungi were identified using molecular methods. Results: A total of 125 patients, including 86 males and 39 females, with the mean age of 52.2 years participated in the study (age range: 15-75 years). Out of 125 patients, 84 (67.2%) cases had fungal colonization that appeared pre- and post-transplantation in 21 and 63 cases, respectively (alone or concurrent with another infection in 55 and 29 cases, respectively). In addition, a total of 39 episodes of fungal infections were diagnosed in 36 (28.8%) recipients (alone or concurrent with colonization in 7 and 29 cases, respectively). Out of the 39 fungal infections, 9 cases appeared pre-transplantation, while the other 30 cases occurred post-transplantation. However, no fungal colonization or infection was observed in 34 (27.2%) patients. Oral candidiasis (n=20) was the most common type of infection, followed by funguria (n=7), onychomycosis (n=5), candidemia (n=3), rhinocerebral mucormycosis (n=1), cutaneous mucormycosis (n=1), cutaneous aspergillosis (n=1), and peritonitis (n=1). Six yeast species were recovered from colonization cases with the dominance of Candida albicans both before and after transplantation. The observed fungal infections were caused by 11 distinct species, including the members of Candida (i.e., C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei), Aspergillus (i.e., A. oryzae and A. candidus), Rhizopus (i.e., R. oryzae and R. microsporus), Trichosporon asahii, and Trichophyton interdigitale. The results also indicated that the development of a fungal infection post-transplantation was associated with fungal colonization (r=0.0184; P=0.043). Conclusion: Based on the results, fungal colonization was a common finding in transplant recipients at Imam Khomeini Hospital. However, the incidence of fungal infections was comparable with those of other centers. As the oral cavity was the most common site of colonization and infection, it might be beneficial to take further care about the oral health of patients using effective mouthwash.}, keywords = {Aspergillosis,Candidiasis,Invasive fungal infections,Mucormycosis,organ transplantation}, url = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_105804.html}, eprint = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_105804_7d25404d97cfaa4845485c244a58ba78.pdf} } @article { author = {Behnam, Mahsa and Zarrinfar, Hossein and Najafzadeh, Mohammad Javad and Naseri, Ali and Jarahi, Lida and Novak Babič, Monika}, title = {Low in vitro activity of sertaconazole against clinical isolates of dermatophyte}, journal = {Current Medical Mycology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {36-41}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2423-3439}, eissn = {2423-3420}, doi = {10.18502/cmm.6.1.2507}, abstract = {Background and Purpose: Dermatophytes are a group of fungi specialized in invading humans and other vertebrate keratinized tissues. These fungi cause a variety of skin, nail, and hair disorders, called dermatophytosis (tinea). In some cases, drug resistance to antifungals necessitates special treatment. Among the antifungal agents, sertaconazole (i.e., a third-generation imidazole) has a broad-spectrum against dermatophyte species. Regarding this, the present study was conducted to investigate the antifungal susceptibility of dermatophytes obtained from patients with dermatophytosis in Mashhad located in northeastern Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 75 clinical dermatophyte isolates, including Trichophyton mentagrophytes (n=21), T. interdigitale (n=18), T. tonsurans (n=16), Epidermophyton floccosum (n=11), Microsporum canis (n=5), Nannizzia fulvum (n=2), T. benhamiae (n=1), and T. verrucosum (n=1), were evaluated against five antifungal agents of sertaconazole, itraconazole, clotrimazole, terbinafine, and griseofulvin based on the CLSI M38-A2 guideline. Results: According to the results, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges of sertaconazole, terbinafine, griseofulvin, itraconazole, and clotrimazole were estimated at 0.125-16, 0.002-1, 0.5-4, 0.031-4, and 0.016-4 μg/ml, respectively, for dermatophyte species. In addition, the geometric mean (GM) values of the MIC of sertaconazole, terbinafine, griseofulvin, itraconazole, and clotrimazole were obtained as 3.39, 1, 1.44, 1.52, and 1.93, respectively. Conclusion: Among the tested antifungals, terbinafine and griseofulvin were the most effective agents against dermatophyte isolates. However, sertaconazole, a third-generation imidazole, did not show any significant effect. Furthermore, M. canis and E. floccosum showed the best response to the antifungal agents.  }, keywords = {antifungal drugs,dermatophytes,Mashhad,Microdilution,Sertaconazole}, url = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_101510.html}, eprint = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_101510_88ac1149fb06db783b35de3aed29f846.pdf} } @article { author = {Stepanova, Amaliya and de Hoog, Sybren and Vasilyeva, Nataliya and Raznatovskiy, Konstantin and Chilina, Galina}, title = {Ultrastructure of hyphal cells of Trichophyton tonsurans}, journal = {Current Medical Mycology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {42-46}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2423-3439}, eissn = {2423-3420}, doi = {10.18502/cmm.6.1.2508}, abstract = {Background and Purpose: Trichophyton tonsurans is a widely distributed anthropophilic dermatophyte causing different diseases of skin. In the literature limited data are available about the morphogenesis of vegetative mycelium of T. tonsurans and related anthropophilic dermatophytes. The aim of present study was to describe ultrastructural patterns of development, cellular organellography and septal pore apparatus structure of in vitro growing vegetative mycelium of T. tonsurans. Materials and Methods: Trichophyton tonsurans strain RCPFF 214/898 was grown on solid Czapek’s Agar (CzA) at 28ºС. For investigation of colonies morphology we used methods of light-, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Results: Differences in morphogenesis of aerial and substrate hyphae were revealed. Mitochondrial reticulum and fibrosinous bodies were shown in T. tonsurans for the first time. The septal pore apparatus in hyphal cells of was comprised Woronin bodies and septal pore plugs. Woronin bodies (0.18 μm), located with 1‒4 near the pore, were spherical, membrane-bound, and had a homogeneous, electron-dense content. The cells of aerial and submerged hyphal cells of T. tonsurans contain two nuclei. Conclusion: Mature cells of substrate hyphae appeared more active than comparable cells in the aerial mycelium. During the maturation process, the differences in number and morphology of mitochondria, number of vacuoles, and in the synthesis of different types of storage substances were revealed. Presence of “mitochondrial reticulum” and variable types of storage substances in submerged hyphal cells suggested higher levels of metabolic activity compared to aerial mycelium.  }, keywords = {dermatophytes,Morphogenesis,Septal pore apparatus,ultrastructure}, url = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_101511.html}, eprint = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_101511_a247834a7a587de8b3c8545dac548558.pdf} } @article { author = {Meena, Suneeta and Rohilla, Ranjana and Kaistha, Neelam and Singh, Arpana and Gupta, Pratima}, title = {Candida auris emergence in the Himalayan foothills: First case report from Uttarakhand, India}, journal = {Current Medical Mycology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {47-50}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2423-3439}, eissn = {2423-3420}, doi = {10.18502/cmm.6.1.2509}, abstract = {Background and Purpose: Candida auris is a rapidly emerging fungus, which is considered globally a cause of concern for public health. This report describes the first case of C. auris fungemia from a tertiary care hospital in the hilly state of Uttarakhand in India. Case report: The patient was a 37-year-old female who underwent a Whipple procedure for the carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. She developed fever 12 days after the operation while recovering from surgery in the hospital. Blood culture yielded C. auris which was identified by the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (Bruker Daltonics, Germany). The patient was successfully treated with caspofungin. Conclusion: In conclusion, C. auris is potentially multidrug resistant, resulting in nosocomial outbreaks and sporadic infections which can be potentially prevented when identified early by implementing contact precautionsBackground and Purpose: Candida auris is a rapidly emerging fungus, which is considered globally a cause of concern for public health. This report describes the first case of C. auris fungemia from a tertiary care hospital in the hilly state of Uttarakhand in India. Case report: The patient was a 37-year-old female who underwent a Whipple procedure for the carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. She developed fever 12 days after the operation while recovering from surgery in the hospital. Blood culture yielded C. auris which was identified by the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (Bruker Daltonics, Germany). The patient was successfully treated with caspofungin. Conclusion: In conclusion, C. auris is potentially multidrug resistant, resulting in nosocomial outbreaks and sporadic infections which can be potentially prevented when identified early by implementing contact precautions.}, keywords = {Candidemia,Candida auris,Caspofungin,Fluconazole,Intensive care unit (ICU)}, url = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_101508.html}, eprint = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_101508_afaf2d1fe9ad0c3bfd6abc4bf92afda6.pdf} } @article { author = {Narula, Himanshu and Meena, Suneeta and Jha, Sweta and Kaistha, Neelam and Pathania, Monika and Gupta, Pratima}, title = {Curvularia lunata causing orbital cellulitis in a diabetic patient: An old fungus in a new territory}, journal = {Current Medical Mycology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {51-54}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2423-3439}, eissn = {2423-3420}, doi = {10.18502/cmm.6.1.2510}, abstract = {Background and Purpose: Rhinocerebral mycosis is a rapidly invasive infection in diabetic patients with an unfavorable course. Herein, we report a rare case of orbital cellulitis caused by Curvularia lunata following fungal rhinosinusitis in a diabetic male patient. Case report: A 35-year-old male with uncontrolled diabetes presented to the emergency department of our center with high-grade fever accompanied by chills and rigors, severe diffuse headache, and projectile vomiting with swelling and loss of vision in the right eye. The tissue sample from surgical debridement showed pigmented hyphae; in addition, Curvularia lunata was isolated in culture. Imaging was indicative of orbital extension. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with fungal rhinosinusitis with orbital cellulitis. The patient was subjected to extensive surgical debridement, along with antifungals. Rhinosinusitis resolved; however, the loss of vision was irreversible. Conclusion: Orbital cellulitis is a very rare but life-threatening complication of fungal rhinosinusitis. Very few cases of orbital cellulitis following fungal rhinosinusitis have been reported in the literature. Early and prompt diagnosis can save the life of a patient.  }, keywords = {Curvularia,Diabetes Mellitus,Fungal rhinosinusitis,Orbital Cellulitis}, url = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_101509.html}, eprint = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_101509_0a742226b6ab33b4f797fc6c0c8280ce.pdf} } @article { author = {Tavakoli, Mahin and Hedayati, Mohammad T. and Mirhendi, Hossein and Nooripoor-Sisakht, Sadegh and Hedayati, Newsha and Saghafi, Fatemeh and Mamishi, Setareh}, title = {The first rare and fatal case of invasive aspergillosis of spinal cord due to Aspergillus nidulans in an Iranian child with chronic granulomatosis disease: review of literature}, journal = {Current Medical Mycology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {55-60}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2423-3439}, eissn = {2423-3420}, doi = {10.18502/cmm.6.1.2551}, abstract = {Background and Purpose: Invasive aspergillosis (IA) of the central nervous system (CNS) is a devastating complication which is rarely reported in immunocompromised children. In this case presentation, we reported a rare and fatal IA with spinal cord involvement in a 10-year-old child with X-linked chronic granulomatosis disease (CGD). Case report: The child had a previous history of pulmonary tuberculosis. A cervical spine X-ray revealed the involvement of cervical vertebrae (T4/T5) and ribs causing spinal cord compression and epidural abscess. The patient underwent a decompressive laminectomy and mass removal. The histopathology and culture results suggested IA. Despite the aggressive and prolonged therapy, he died within one year. Aspergillus nidulans was identified as the causative agent based on morphological and molecular studies. Conclusion: This synopsis represents the aggressive behavior of infection caused by A. nidulans in the CGD patient.}, keywords = {Aspergillus nidulans,Chronic granulomatosis disease,Invasive aspergillosis,spinal cord}, url = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_102325.html}, eprint = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_102325_660be61a393d63ba3c7f0447e2853ab5.pdf} }