@article { author = {Kareem, Hassan and Samaka, Hayder and Abdulridha, Wasna’a}, title = {Evaluation of the gold nanoparticles prepared by ‎green ‎chemistry in ‎the ‎‏treatment of cutaneous candidiasis}, journal = {Current Medical Mycology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {1-5}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2423-3439}, eissn = {2423-3420}, doi = {10.18502/cmm.7.1.6176}, abstract = {Background and Objectives: Mineral nanoparticle synthesis via green chemistry is ‎considered a novel ‏procedure ‎that ‎has been introduced into some ‏‎‎industries and medical fields. This ‎paper aimed to focus on ‏synthesized gold ‎nanoparticles ‎‎‎‎(‎AuNPs‎) prepared via green chemistry and ‎their usage in the ‏treatment of cutaneous ‎candidiasis.‎‎Materials and Methods: This study was performed on the green synthesis of AuNPs using olive leaf extract as a reducing ‎agent‎. The ‎UV‎ visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy techniques ‎were used to detect ‏the concentration of the prepared AuNPs‎. ‎The agar gel diffusion method was used to test ‏the ‎antifungal activity of the ‎‎prepared AuNPs in vitro. ‏Antifungal efficacy of the AuNPs in vivo ‎was tested by the ‎induction of‎‎ cutaneous ‎candidiasis in mice‎. ‎This research was conducted on four groups of mice‎. Groups 1 and 2 were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the AuNPs suspension ‎and ‏Nystatin ointment in the treatment ‎of clinical infection, respectively. Groups 3 ‎and ‎4 were the infected ‎and the non-infected control groups, respectively.‎Results: Based on the findings, the AuNP synthesis using olive leaves was ‎a suitable and ‎secure method. Moreover, it was found that the AuNP concentration of 40.77 ng‏\‏ml represented the minimum ‎inhibitory concentration for the ‎inhibition of the Candida albicans. The prepared AuNPs were more effective than Nystatin ‎in the ‏treatment ‎of cutaneous candidiasis.‎‎Conclusion: Preparation of AuNPs via green chemistry using olive leaves as a reducing ‎agent is a ‏safe ‎and easy procedure that can be performed to produce AuNPs. In this study, the AuNPs ‎displayed antifungal ‏activity ‏both in vitro and in vivo.  }, keywords = {candida albicans,Cutaneous candidiasis,Gold Nanoparticles,Olive leaves‎ ‎}, url = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_128772.html}, eprint = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_128772_d8bc02cc9287fa32af0b1ed0090b5b66.pdf} } @article { author = {Pourtalebi, Somayeh and Ayatollahi Mousavi, Seyyed Amin and Asadollah, Zahra and Mousavi, Seyyed Mahdi}, title = {Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 in human breast milk in Rafsanjan, Iran}, journal = {Current Medical Mycology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {6-11}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2423-3439}, eissn = {2423-3420}, doi = {10.18502/cmm.7.1.6177}, abstract = {Background and Purpose: Aflatoxins (AFs) are a group of highly toxic mycotoxins present both in the environment and in foodstuffs. The food of infants should be safe and free of various pollutants, including breast milk mycotoxins. This study aimed to measure the mycotoxin of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in human milk samples obtained from lactating mothers living in Rafsanjan city, Iran. Materials and Methods: In the current cross-sectional study, breast milk samples were collected from 150 lactating mothers in Rafsanjan city from September 2015 to April 2016 using the structured food-frequency questionnaire. The AFM1 was measured by employing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific kits. The statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 16).Results: The AFM1 was detected in 98 mothers (65%) with a mean concentration of 14.69±8.15 ng/kg, ranging from 5.02 to 41.25 ng/kg. The AFM1 concentration exceeded the tolerable and accepted limit promulgated by the European Union and the USA (25 ng/kg) in only 10 milk samples. Moreover, in 59 milk samples, the AFM1 concentration exceeded the limit recommended by Australia and Switzerland (10 ng/kg).Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, lactating mothers and their infants are at risk of AFM1 exposure in southern Iran. Accordingly, the examination of AFM1 concentrations in lactating mothers, as a critical postnatal exposure marker of infants to this carcinogenic compound, requires further studies in various seasonal periods and different parts of Iran}, keywords = {Aflatoxin M1,Human Breast Milk,Infant Milk,ELISA,Rafsanjan city}, url = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_129123.html}, eprint = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_129123_0975675dfbcfc70411b06684a221bb53.pdf} } @article { author = {Belhachemi, Mohammed Habib and Boucherit-Otmani, Zahia and Boucherit, Kebir and Belmir, Sara}, title = {Influence of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol on the autoxidation and in vitro antifungal activity of amphotericin B}, journal = {Current Medical Mycology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {12-18}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2423-3439}, eissn = {2423-3420}, doi = {10.18502/cmm.7.1.6178}, abstract = {Background and Purpose: Amphotericin B (AmB) is the standard treatment for systemic fungal infections; however, the formation of reactive oxygen species reduces the efficacy and stability of this molecule. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the combination of AmB with ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol on its autoxidation and antifungal activity.Materials and Methods: The antifungal activity against Candida albicans was evaluated by the viable cell counting method and checking their morphological changes with a scanning electron microscope. Monomer state of AmB was assessed by scanning the UV absorbance in the range of 300-450 nm and the lipid peroxidation was measured using quantification of thiobarbituric acid reactive-substances (TBARS).Results: Based on the findings, the addition of ascorbic acid (3×102 µg/mL) and α-tocopherol (16 µg/mL) to the reaction medium of AmB increased its antifungal activity while maintaining its molecular stability. Moreover, the level of TBARS formed in the reaction medium of AmB was significantly reduced after combination with ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol.Conclusion: Given their availability, their anti-free radical activity, and their low toxicity, the incorporation of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol into the reaction medium of AmB seems to be a promising approach to obtain an effective antifungal formulation.}, keywords = {Amphotericin B,Antifungal activity,Ascorbic acid,α-Tocopherol,Autoxidation}, url = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_127275.html}, eprint = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_127275_1df14b131413cf2f58f6bb6e42b57c71.pdf} } @article { author = {Mehta, Vibha and Chander, Jagdish and Gulati, Neelam and Singla, Nidhi and Vasdeva, Hena and Sardana, Raman and Pandey, Awadhesh}, title = {Epidemiological profile and antifungal susceptibility pattern of Trichosporon species in a tertiary care hospital in Chandigarh, India}, journal = {Current Medical Mycology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {19-24}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2423-3439}, eissn = {2423-3420}, doi = {10.18502/cmm.7.1.6179}, abstract = {Background and Purpose: Trichosporon species are ubiquitous in nature which are associated with fatal opportunistic invasive infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the epidemiological and clinical details, as well as the antifungal susceptibility pattern of the patients with Trichosporon infections.Materials and Methods: In total, 50 clinical isolates of Trichosporon species from various samples were included in this study. The samples were isolated over a period of 18 months from patients in a tertiary hospital in North India. The isolates were characterised phenotypically with Vitek MS (bioMérieux, France). Trichosporon spp. were isolated from urine (30%), nail (30%), tissue (16%), pleural fluid (14%), and sputum (5%). In total, majority of the isolates were of Trichosporon asahii (92%),followed by Trichosporon mucoides (6%), and Trichosporon ovoides (2%). It is noteworthy that most of the reported cases were from intensive care unit (34%).Results: Intravenous catheters, antibiotics, and antifungal uptake were significantly associated risk factors with Trichosporon infection. All invasive isolates were observed to be resistant in vitro to caspofungin and exhibited high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against amphotericin B, fluconazole, and 5-flucytosine. The MICs for voriconazole and posaconazole were low.Conclusion: Trichosporonosis is being increasingly reported all around the world,including India. The results of this study highlighted the importance of early detection and treatment for this emerging yeast and also added to the ongoing surveillance for the antifungal susuceptibility pattern for this fungus.}, keywords = {Antifungal susceptibility,Invasive trichosporonosis,Minimum inhibitory concentration,Trichosporon,voriconazole}, url = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_127264.html}, eprint = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_127264_1ea0d0a79424dd8d2dd01fce9067e91b.pdf} } @article { author = {Badali, Hamid and Shokohi, Tahereh and Khodavaysi, Sadegh and Moazeni, Maryam and Farhadi, Masoumeh and Nabili, Mojtaba}, title = {Molecular typing of clinical and environmental Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from Iran using microsatellites}, journal = {Current Medical Mycology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {25-30}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2423-3439}, eissn = {2423-3420}, doi = {10.18502/cmm.7.1.6180}, abstract = {Background and Purpose: Because of the growing incidence of Aspergillus infection,typing methods of Aspergillus species are increasingly being used. Accordingly,studying the spread and population dynamics of strains isolating from clinical and environment, from a single host to large scale ecosystems is definitely needed. In the current study, we carried out a genetic analysis of nine microsatellite loci in isolates from different regions of Iran to compare and explore the genetic diversity between environmental and clinical A. fumigatus strains.Materials and Methods: Sixty-six clinical (n=43) and environmental (n= 23) isolates of A. fumigatus, have collected from six cities of Iran. All A. fumigatus isolates identified based on macroscopic and microscopic characters, the ability to grow at above 45°C, and confirmed using DNA sequencing of the partial b-tubulin gene.Sixty-six A. fumigatus isolates were subjected by microsatellite typing using three separate multiplex PCRs with a panel of nine short tandem repeats (STR) to evaluate the genetic relatedness.Results: The STR typing of 66 A. fumigatus isolates revealed 38 distinct genotypes distributed among environmental and clinical isolates. We identified 12 clones including 40 different isolates representing 60% of all isolates tested, which each clone included 2–7 isolates.Conclusion: The STR typing is considered as a valuable tool with excellent discriminatory power to study the molecular epidemiology and genotypic diversity of A.fumigatus isolates. These findings show that the high genetic diversity observed of Iranian A. fumigatus isolates with those outside Iran and formed a separate cluster.}, keywords = {Aspergillus fumigatus,Iran,Microsatellite,Molecular typing}, url = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_129167.html}, eprint = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_129167_2704bae1e5607d66005c44fba34f7e94.pdf} } @article { author = {El-Ganiny, Amira M and Yossef, Nehal and Kamel, Hend}, title = {Prevalence and antifungal drug resistance of nosocomial Candida species isolated from two university hospitals in Egypt}, journal = {Current Medical Mycology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {31-37}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2423-3439}, eissn = {2423-3420}, doi = {10.18502/cmm.7.1.6181}, abstract = {Background and Purpose: There is a significant rise in morbidity and mortality of infections caused by Candida. Candida spp. infections are currently ranked fourth among nosocomial infections which are difficult to diagnose and refractory to therapy.Given the differences in susceptibility among various spp., identification of Candida spp. is an important step that leads to the selection of a suitable antifungal.Materials and Methods: A prevalence study was on 122 Candida isolates. The Candida spp. were identified using Chromogenic agar and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The antifungal susceptibility (AFS) of Candida spp. to amphotericin B, fluconazole,voriconazole, and caspofungin was determined by the disc diffusion method.Results: In total, 122 Candida clinical isolates were investigated in this study. Candida albicans with 57.4% (70 isolates) had the highest prevalence rate, while 52 isolates (42.6%) were non-albicans Candida species (NAC). The NAC include Candida krusei (20.4%), Candida tropicalis (6.5%), Candida parapsilolsis (5.7%), Candida dubliniensis (4.9%), and Candida glabrata (4.9%). The AFS showed that the resistance rates of Candida spp. to fluconazole and voriconazole were 13.1% (16 isolates) and 9.8% (12 isolates), respectively. Moreover, only five isolates (4.1%) were resistant to caspofungin. Furthermore, there was no resistance against amphotericin B. The spp. that showed the highest resistance were C. glabrata and C. tropicalis, while the lowest resistance was observed in C. albicans and C. dubliniensis.Conclusion: In conclusion, rapid identification of clinical Candida isolates and standard AFS are essential procedures for controlling the rise of resistant NAC spp.in clinical settings. Usage of fluconazole should be restricted, especially in patients with recurrent Candida infections.}, keywords = {antifungal drug resistance,azoles and caspofungin,candida albicans,Nonalbicans,Nosocomial infections}, url = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_129172.html}, eprint = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_129172_ab1e303ca4f68c44b1e52939dff8a428.pdf} } @article { author = {Musavinasab-Mobarakeh, Seyed Afzal and Shams-Ghahfarokhi, Masoomeh and Razzaghi-Abyaneh, Mehdi}, title = {Effect of Allium cepa on LAC1 gene expression and physiological activities in Cryptococcus neoformans}, journal = {Current Medical Mycology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {38-43}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2423-3439}, eissn = {2423-3420}, doi = {10.18502/cmm.7.1.6241}, abstract = {Background and Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of Allium cepa ethanolic extract (EAC) on Cryptococcus neoformans biological activities and LAC1 gene expression.Materials and Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of EAC was determined based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M27-A4 method at a concentration range of 125- 4000 µg/ml. The EAC synergism activity was determined in combination with fluconazole (FCZ) as an antifungal azole. Laccase activity, melanin production, and cell membrane ergosterol content of C. neoformans were assessed at the 0.5× MIC concentration of EAC (1000 μg/ml) and FCZ (64μg/ml) by approved methods. The expression of the LAC1 gene was studied in the fungus exposed to 0.5× MIC concentration of EAC and FCZ using the real-time polymerase chain reaction.Results: Based on obtained results, MIC of EAC and FCZ were 2000 and 128 μg/ml,respectively. A combinatory effect was reported for FCZ and EAC by a fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.25. The cell membrane ergosterol content was inhibited in EAC- and FCZ-treated C. neoformans by 58.25% and 49.85%, respectively.The laccase activity and melanin production were reduced in EAC-treated C. neoformans by 45.37% and 51.57%, and in FCZ-treated fungus by 54.64% and 53.68%, respectively.The expression of fungal LAC1 at messenger RNA (mRNA) level was measured 0.46and 0.58 folds and significantly decreased in both EAC- and FCZ-treated C. neoformans at the 0.5×MIC concentration, respectively (p <0.05).Conclusion: The findings revealed that EAC contains inhibitory compounds which interact with biological activities in C. neoformans and thereby, it could be considered as a potential source for the development of novel antifungal drugs.}, keywords = {Allium cepa,Antifungal activity,Cryptococcus neoformans,Laccase,LAC1 gene expression}, url = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_130110.html}, eprint = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_130110_3f760da88a50dc478df977f2d0ce1918.pdf} } @article { author = {Kermani, Firoozeh and Sadeghian, Mohaddese and Shokohi, Tahereh and Hashemi, Seyedebrahim and Moslemi, Daryiush and Davodian, Saeed and Abastabar, Mahdi and Bandalizadeh, Zainab and Faeli, Leila and Seifi, Zahra and Fami Zaghrami, Mahmoud and Haghani, Iman}, title = {Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida species isolated from oral lesions in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiotherapy}, journal = {Current Medical Mycology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {44-50}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2423-3439}, eissn = {2423-3420}, doi = {10.18502/cmm.7.1.6242}, abstract = {Background and Purpose: Radiation therapy in patients with head and neck malignancies predisposes them to oral Candida colonization and infection due to damage of oral mucosa and destruction of the salivary gland. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) undergoing radiotherapy (RT), identify the yeasts isolated from them, and determine their antifungal susceptibility.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2018 to June 2019 at two referral radiotherapy centers in northern Iran. Yeast strains that were isolated from patients with HNC were identified using conventional and molecular methods. The in vitro activities of eight common antifungal drugs against 55 isolates were investigated according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (M27-A3 and M27-S4) broth microdilution document.Results: Among 59 patients receiving RT, the prevalence of OPC was 21 (35.59%) and 15 (25.42%) patients were diagnosed with colonization. The mean age of the patients was 55.32±13.3 years (within the range of 27-87 years). In this study, the pseudomembranous form was reported as the most clinical type of OPC. Candida albicans with the frequency of 60% was the most common type of Candida spp. that was observed in this study, although non-albicans Candida spp., such as C. glabrata (27.27%), C. tropicalis (5.45%), C. parapsilosis (3.63%), C. krusei (1.83%), and C. kefyr(1.83%) were also isolated. Considering the low minimum inhibitory concentration range of amphotericin B, compared to fluconazole, administration of this agent is a more suitable antifungal drug for extensive oral candidiasis in these patients. Among azoles,clotrimazole had low efficacy and several studied isolates (65.5%) showed resistance.Conclusion: Correct diagnosis as well as determining drug sensitivity and risk factors are the effective steps in reducing the complications related to oral candidiasis in people undergoing RT.}, keywords = {Antifungal susceptibility test,Candida species,head and neck cancer,Oropharyngeal candidiasis,radiotherapy}, url = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_129957.html}, eprint = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_129957_b77cf1b85600516c96607dbe9bff1548.pdf} } @article { author = {Taghizadeh Armaki, Mojtaba and Mahdavi Omran, Saeid and Kiakojuri, Keivan and khojasteh, Shaghayegh and Jafarzadeh, Jalal and Tavakoli, Mahin and Badali, Hamid and Haghani, Iman and Shokohi, Tahereh and Hedayati, Mohammad T. and Abastabar, Mahdi}, title = {First fluconazole-resistant Candida auris isolated from fungal otitis in Iran}, journal = {Current Medical Mycology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {51-54}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2423-3439}, eissn = {2423-3420}, doi = {10.18502/cmm.7.1.6243}, abstract = {Background and Purpose: Candida auris, as a new characterized pathogenic yeast,has attracted remarkable attention in the recent decade due to its rapid global emergence and multidrug resistance traits. This unique species is able to cause nosocomial outbreaks and tolerate adverse conditions; however, it has been mostly misidentified by conventional methods.Case report: This report aimed to describe the first fluconazole-resistant case of C.auris otitis in an immunocompetent patient in Iran. The isolate showed minimum inhibitory concentration of ≥ 32 μg/ml for fluconazole; however, the patient was treated with topical clotrimazole and miconazole with no recurrence.Conclusion: This was the second strain of C. auris isolated from otitis in Iran which was fluconazole-resistant, unlike the first Iranian isolate.}, keywords = {Candida auris,Fluconazole-resistant,Iran}, url = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_129175.html}, eprint = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_129175_a7d31bf2525f767cffb432a8cb389bf4.pdf} } @article { author = {Raiesi, Omid and Hashemi, Seyed Jamal and Getso, Muhammad Ibrahim and Ardi, Pegah and Mohammadi Ardehali, Mojtaba and Raissi, Vahid and Shamsaei, Sina and Borjian Boroujeni, Zeinab}, title = {First report of chronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis in a patient with ovarian cancer caused by Didymella pedeiae and successful treatment with voriconazole: A case report}, journal = {Current Medical Mycology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {55-58}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2423-3439}, eissn = {2423-3420}, doi = {10.18502/cmm.7.1.6244}, abstract = {Background and Purpose: Didymella pedeiae is a dematiaceous fungus that belongs to the Coelomycetes class. While species within this class are known to cause human infection, D. pedeiae had previously only been known as phytopathogens and had never been isolated from a human sample.Case report: A 51-year-old Iranian female patient with ovarian cancer was admitted with unilateral lesions in paranasal sinuses and a five-month history of nasal obstruction,headache, postnasal drainage, swelling on the left side of the face, and orbital pain.Paranasal sinus computerized tomography scan revealed a soft tissue mass that filled the left nasal cavity, ethmoid, sphenoid, and frontal sinuses with more involvement in the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses. Antifungal treatment was simultaneously initiated with itraconazole+prednisolone 15 mg/day, and levofloxacin. Due to poor clinical response,IV voriconazole and amphotericin B were added to the treatment as well. The patient recovered completely after 10 weeks of therapy.Conclusion: Here, we report the first case of human D. pedeiae infection in a patientwith ovarian cancer. }, keywords = {chronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis,Didymella pedeiae,Iran,Phoma species,voriconazole}, url = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_129262.html}, eprint = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_129262_76caf54af1e5f3ed88ac5d44d65d9686.pdf} } @article { author = {Hai, Tang and Minh, Nguyen and Anh, Do and Dung, Tran and Chau, Ngo and Tran-Anh, Le}, title = {A rare Fusarium equiseti infection in a 53-year-old male with burn injury: A case report}, journal = {Current Medical Mycology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {59-62}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2423-3439}, eissn = {2423-3420}, doi = {10.18502/cmm.7.1.6245}, abstract = {Background and Purpose: Burn injuries are prone to infection caused by bacteria, fungi, or other pathogens. Fungal wound infection usually has non-specific clinical symptoms.Nevertheless, in some cases, the fungal burden is so substantial that can easily be seen by the naked eyes, but this phenomenon has rarely been reported with Fusarium.Case report: A 53-year-old patient with severe burn injury was admitted to the intensive care unit of the National Hospital of Burn, Ha Noi, Vietnam. His wound was dressed with a traditional herbal product before the hospital admission. On the 5th day after the admission, some white patches suspected of fungal colonies appeared on burn lesions where the herbal medicine was placed. Histological examination (Periodic acidSchiff) and culture of biopsy samples taken from those lesions revealed fungus that was identified as Fusarium equiseti after analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and D1/D2 region of the large subunit of the 28S rDNA. The isolated strain showed susceptibility to voriconazole but resistance to fluconazole, itraconazole, caspofungin,and amphotericin B in vitro. The patient received aggressive treatment, including IV voriconazole (400 mg daily from day five); however, he could not recover.Conclusion: Fusarium should be suspected in burn patients with white patches on lesions. Antifungal susceptibility testing is important since multidrug resistance is common among Fusarium strains. }, keywords = {Burns,fungal wound infections,fusariosis,Fusarium equiseti,Vietnam}, url = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_131223.html}, eprint = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_131223_a0db13ba77ab94966ab5940db499131c.pdf} } @article { author = {Bongomin, Felix and Fayemiwo, Samuel}, title = {Epidemiology of fungal diseases in Africa: A review of diagnostic drivers}, journal = {Current Medical Mycology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {63-70}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2423-3439}, eissn = {2423-3420}, doi = {10.18502/cmm.7.1.6246}, abstract = {Background and Purpose: There has been a significant increase in the burden of fungal diseases in the last few decades which has imposed a global threat to the health of humans, animals, and plants. Epidemiology of fungal diseases is not completely understood in Africa. Most of these diseases are under-reported or not reported at all mainly due to the challenges related to the availability of and access to fungal diagnostics and the lack of human resources in clinical and diagnostic mycology across the continent. Therefore, it is imperative to highlight the epidemiology of the endemic and epidemic of emerging and re-emerging fungal diseases as well as their diagnostic challenges in Africa based on the available data. Moreover, it is important to underline the existing gaps in this regard as well.Materials and Methods: For the purposes of the study, Medline and Google Scholar were searched to retrieve articles on these prominent fungal diseases, as well as their etiologies and available diagnostics.Results: It was found that histoplasmosis and other AIDS-associated mycoses have been reported in Africa, including blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis. Other reported infections were fungal neglected tropical diseases, especially sporotrichosis, dermatophytosis, mycetoma, and chromoblastomycosis as well as emerging fungal diseases, such as Emergomyces africanus, Candida auris, and Blastomyces emzantsi. In Africa, the major drivers of fungal diseases include human immunodeficiency infection, tuberculosis, and poverty.Conclusion: Serious fungal diseases are common in Africa; however, the true burden remains unknown. }, keywords = {Aspergillosis, Candidiasis, Cryptococcosis, Emergomycosis, Fungal disease,Mycetoma,Candidiasis,Cryptococcosis,Emergomycosis,Fungal disease,Mycetoma}, url = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_127270.html}, eprint = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_127270_cf96137a364752247b637bf99aece7f2.pdf} } @article { author = {Asadi, Peyman and Mehravaran, Ahmad and Soltanloo, Nahid and Abastabar, Mahdi and Akhtari, Javad}, title = {Nanoliposome-loaded antifungal drugs for dermal administration: A review}, journal = {Current Medical Mycology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {71-78}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2423-3439}, eissn = {2423-3420}, doi = {10.18502/cmm.7.1.6247}, abstract = {Cutaneous fungal infections are the fourth most common health problem, which involves approximately  billion people worldwide. Drug delivery to the skin seems to be the best choice for superficial fungal infections. Topical formulations can release a sufficient amount of drug in therapeutical concentrations and permeate higher layers of the skinlike the stratum corneum. As the outermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum prevents the drug from penetrating the skin. Liposomes, especially nanosized as topical drug delivery systems to the skin, can show various functions depending on their size, lipids and cholesterol components, the percent of ingredients, lamellarity, and surface charge. Nanoliposomes can increase permeation through the stratum corneum, decrease systemic effects with their localizing actions, and overcome many dermal drug delivery obstacles. Antifungal drugs, such as croconazole, econazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole,terbinafine hydrochloride, tolnaftate, and miconazole entrapped in liposomes have indicated improved skin penetration and localizing effects. According to the literature review summarized in this paper, many studies have identified liposomes as a powerful carrier for topical antifungal drug delivery to the skin. However, a few studies introduced new generations of liposomes like ethosomes and transfersomes. This paper was conducted on almost all liposomal studies of antifungal drugs with dermal application. }, keywords = {Antifungal,Drug Delivery,Liposome,Nanoparticle,skin}, url = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_129263.html}, eprint = {https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_129263_28b8617ccc3daf7981cc5b9a8b2cb180.pdf} }