Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesCurrent Medical Mycology2423-34391420151201A survey of the etiological agents of scalp and nail dermatophytosis in Yazd, Iran in 2014-2015169030510.18869/acadpub.cmm.1.4.1ENHosseinSadeghi TaftiDepartment of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical SciencesMehrabanFalahatiDepartment of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranParivashKordbachehDepartment of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical SciencesMahmoudMahmoudiDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranMahinSafaraDepartment of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical SciencesSaraRashidianDepartment of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical SciencesShahramMahmoudiDepartment of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences0000-0003-0421-8659FaridehZainiDepartment of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical SciencesJournal Article20190709Background and Purpose: Tinea capitis and tinea unguium are regarded as global public health concerns. The purpose of the present study was to identify the etiological agents of tinea capitis and tinea unguium in patients, referring to the Central Laboratory of Yazd University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.<br /> Materials and Methods: This study was conducted during 2014-2015. Skin scraping, scalp hair, and nail clipping specimens were collected from 134 patients (80 males and 54 females) with clinical features suggesting fungal involvement. Direct microscopic examinations were carried out, using potassium hydroxide 10%, while culture studies were performed on Sabouraud dextrose agar, containing chloramphenicol and cycloheximide at 28°C for four weeks. Fungal colonies were identified based on their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, as well as supplementary diagnostic tests.<br /> Results: Among 134 patients, 12 cases showed positive results on direct examination and culture studies. The frequency of infections was equal among male and female subjects. Among 12 affected cases, the frequency of tinea capitis and tinea unguium was 91.6% and 8.4%, respectively. Microsporum canis (50%) was the most prevalent species, followed by Trichophyton verrucosum (25%) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (25%). Also, tinea unguium, caused by T. mentagrophytes, was found in a female patient.<br /> Conclusion: The etiological agents of scalp and nail dermatophytosis have changed in Yazd over the past 13 years. In the present study, replacement of anthropophilic dermatophytes by zoophilic species was noteworthy, highlighting the necessity of efficient surveillance for the management and prevention of infections.https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_90305_d0c64f8a77c1b4f0b878c58dd86098aa.pdfMazandaran University of Medical SciencesCurrent Medical Mycology2423-34391420151201In vitro activity of econazole in comparison with three common antifungal agents against clinical Candida strains isolated from superficial infections7129030610.18869/acadpub.cmm.1.4.7ENMahdiAbastabarInvasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran0000-0002-0016-2849TaherehShokohiInvasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran0000-0003-3094-8436ReyhanehRouhi KordStudent Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IranHamidBadaliInvasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IranSeyed JamalHashemiDepartment of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranZeinabGhasemiDepartment of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranAynazGhojoghiToxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IranNesaBaghiStudent Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IranMaryamAbdollahiDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IranSusanHosseinpoorStudent Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IranJournal Article20190709Background and Purpose: Candida species are the most common organisms involved in superficial fungal infections, worldwide. Although econazole is among the most frequently used topical formulations for the treatment of candidiasis, no information is available regarding the susceptibility profiles of Candida species in Iran.<br /> Materials and Methods: In vitro susceptibility of 100 clinical Candida isolates belonging to 6 species from superficial candidiasis of Iran towards to econazole was compared with three other common antifungal agents including itraconazole, fluconazole, and miconazole. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) values were analyzed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M38-A3 document. All isolates were previously identified to the species level, using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) on ITS region.<br /> Results: The MIC of econazole, itraconazole, miconazole, and fluconazole were within the range of 0.016-16, 0.032-16, 0.016-16, and 0.25-64 g/ml, respectively. In general, econazole and miconazole were more active against Candida isolates, compared to the other two agents.<br /> Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that for Candida albicans isolates, miconazole and econazole had the best effect, but in non-albicans Candida species, itraconazole and miconazole displayed more activity than other antifungal agents.https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_90306_6c793d814936c8454b15e89f3cc75523.pdfMazandaran University of Medical SciencesCurrent Medical Mycology2423-34391420151201Composition and antifungal activity of Zhumeria majdae essential oil13199030710.18869/acadpub.cmm.1.4.13ENZahraImaniPharmaceutical sciences branch, Islamic Azad UniversityJinusAsgarpanahPharmaceutical sciences branch, Islamic Azad UniversityFarshadHashemiFaculty of pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranJamalHashemi HezavehSchool of public health research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-1834-6822Journal Article20190709Background and Purpose: Essential oils extracted from different plants are extensively used in perfume, beverage, and food industries and are reported to exhibit antimicrobial activities against a variety of fungi. Zhumeria majdae belonging to the Lamiaceae family is a rare and endemic medicinal plant species in Iran, with a strong and pleasant odor. The leaves of this plant have been used for many years as an antiseptic carminative agent for the treatment of stomachache (especially in infants) and dysmenorrhea.<br /> Materials and Methods: Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was performed to determine the main constituents of the essential oil extracted from the aerial parts of Z. majdae. Also, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined, using serial dilution method.<br /> Results: Based on the GC/MS analysis, 31 compounds representing 95.36% of the essential oil, extracted from the aerial parts of the plant, were identified, among which linalool (63.40%) and camphor (27.48%) were recognized as the major constituents. The total phenolic content was 42.74 GAE (mg)/DW (g). The hydro-distilled essential oil from the aerial part of the plant displayed potential antifungal activities against all the tested pathogenic fungal species (i.e., Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Aspergillus flavus, Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, and Epidermophyton floccosum). Based on the inhibition zone (29 mm) and MIC value (0.015 l/ml), all the tested strains were sensitive to Z. majdae essential oil.<br /> Conclusion: The present results support the traditional and possible use of Z. majdae essential oil in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.Background and Purpose: Essential oils extracted from different plants are extensively used in perfume, beverage, and food industries and are reported to exhibit antimicrobial activities against a variety of fungi. Zhumeria majdae belonging to the Lamiaceae family is a rare and endemic medicinal plant species in Iran, with a strong and pleasant odor. The leaves of this plant have been used for many years as an antiseptic carminative agent for the treatment of stomachache (especially in infants) and dysmenorrhea.<br /> Materials and Methods: Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was performed to determine the main constituents of the essential oil extracted from the aerial parts of Z. majdae. Also, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined, using serial dilution method.<br /> Results: Based on the GC/MS analysis, 31 compounds representing 95.36% of the essential oil, extracted from the aerial parts of the plant, were identified, among which linalool (63.40%) and camphor (27.48%) were recognized as the major constituents. The total phenolic content was 42.74 GAE (mg)/DW (g). The hydro-distilled essential oil from the aerial part of the plant displayed potential antifungal activities against all the tested pathogenic fungal species (i.e., Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Aspergillus flavus, Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, and Epidermophyton floccosum). Based on the inhibition zone (29 mm) and MIC value (0.015 l/ml), all the tested strains were sensitive to Z. majdae essential oil.<br /> Conclusion: The present results support the traditional and possible use of Z. majdae essential oil in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_90307_af3732dab9a2c00cf4bc580374d154ad.pdfMazandaran University of Medical SciencesCurrent Medical Mycology2423-34391420151201A study on etiologic agents and clinical manifestations of dermatophytosis in Yazd, Iran20259030810.18869/acadpub.cmm.1.4.20ENSaraRashidianDepartment of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranMehrabanFalahati00000ParivashKordbachehDepartment of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranMahmoudMahmoudiDepartment of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranMahinSafaraDepartment of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranHosseinSadeghi TaftiDepartment of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranShahramMahmoudiDepartment of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-0421-8659FaridehZainiDepartment of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranJournal Article20190709Background and Purpose: Dermatophytosis is one of the most common infections of skin, hair, and nails, caused by a group of keratinophilic fungi known as dermatophytes. Species identification of these fungi is of great significance from epidemiological and therapeutic points of view. The objective of the present study was to investigate dermatophytosis and its causative agents in patients, referring to the Central Mycology Laboratory of Yazd University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.<br /> Materials and Methods: In total, 139 clinically suspected cases of dermatophytosis were examined during 12 months from February 2014 to February 2015. Skin scrapings were assessed through direct microscopic examinations and culture studies. Dermatophyte isolates were identified based on colony morphology on potato dextrose agar and dermatophyte test medium, nutritional requirements, urease and hair perforation tests, and microscopic characteristics on slide cultures.<br /> Results: Dermatophytosis was mycologically confirmed in 26 (18.70%) out of 139 cases. Although there was a statistically insignificant difference between male and female subjects, men were dominantly affected. Infection was significantly common in the age group of ≤ 29 years (p <0.043). The most common clinical manifestation of dermatophytosis was tinea corporis (69.2%), followed by tinea cruris (15.4%), tinea manuum (11.5%), and tinea pedis (3.8%). Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex was the main etiologic agent (38.5%), followed by T. rubrum (23%), T. violaceum (15.5%), T. verrucosum (11.5%), Microsporum canis (7.7%), and Epidermophyton floccosum (3.8%).<br /> Conclusion: In comparison with previous research, epidemiology of dermatophytosis has changed in Yazd over the past decades. Therefore, periodical investigations on the epidemiological aspects of this infection are required for efficient control and prevention of this cutaneous dermatophytic disease.https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_90308_645e27655622a8eec740828def9d723e.pdfMazandaran University of Medical SciencesCurrent Medical Mycology2423-34391420151201Molecular identification and in-vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida species isolated from patients with onychomycosis26329030910.18869/acadpub.cmm.1.4.26ENKeyvanPakshirBasic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranKamiarZomorodianBasic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranAlirezaZakaeiDepartment of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranMarjanMotamediDepartment of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran0000-0003-1066-8752MossaRahimi GhiasiDepartment of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranMohsenKaramitalabDepartment of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranJournal Article20190709Background and Purpose: Candida species are the most opportunistic fungi affecting the nails and resulting in onychomycosis. In this study, we identified and evaluated in-vitro susceptibility of the recovered isolates against fluconazole (FLC), voriconazole (VRC), and clotrimazole (CLT) using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M27-A3 document.<br /> <br /> Materials and Methods: From patients with either clinically or mycologically proven onychomycosis, 97 isolates comprising of seven Candida species were isolated, which were identified by both conventional and molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. In addition, Candida dubliniensis was confirmed by restriction endonuclease analysis. Antifungal susceptibility of each isolate against the three azoles applied in this study was determined using the CLSI microdilution reference method M27-A3.<br /> <br /> Results: Candida parapsilosis (C. parapsilosis) was the most frequently isolated species (n=44), followed by C. albicans (n=23), C. tropicalis (n=13), C. glabrata (n=7), C. krusei (n=6), C. guilliermondii (n=3), and C. dubliniensis (n=1). All the isolates were susceptible to CLT. VRC had lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for the isolates compared to FLC. Geometric mean MIC values of VRC, FLC, and CLT for C. parapsilosis isolates were 0.07 µg/ml, 0.8 µg/ml, and 0.35 µg/ml, respectively. Collectively, all species exhibited greater susceptibility to VRC in comparison to C. albicans (P≤0.001).<br /> <br /> Conclusion: This study showed that non-albicans Candida species were the most common etiologic agents of non-dermatophyte onychomycosis. The major antifungal agents used in clinics to empirically treat yeast onychomycosis are FLC and CLT. Our data suggested that CLT is a better choice for the treatment of Candida onychomycosis, especially in drug resistant cases.https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_90309_e109a12c0db9756c07f17eaf6be5ba8e.pdfMazandaran University of Medical SciencesCurrent Medical Mycology2423-34391420151201Oropharyngeal candidiasis in children with lymphohematopoietic malignancies in Mashhad, Iran33369031010.18869/acadpub.cmm.1.4.33ENFaribaBerenjiProf.of Parasitology, School of Medicine,Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranNonaZabolinejadAssociate Prof.of Pathology, School of Medicine,Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranZahraBadiei3. Associate Prof.of Pediatric Hematology, School of Medicine,Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranSorayaKakhi4. M.D, School of Medicine,Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranZohreAndalib Aliabadi5. Msc of Parasitology,School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranMajidGanjbakhsh6. Msc Student of Mycology,School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranJournal Article20190709Background and Purpose: Over the past years, the role of fungi as a cause of nosocomial infections in hospitalized patients has been accentuated. Candida species constitute an important group of fungi causing diseases in immunocompromised patients. Oropharyngeal candidiasis continues to be a prevalent infection in immunodeficient patients. In this study, we aimed to determine the incidence of oropharyngeal candidiasis in children with lymphohematopoietic malignancies.<br /> Materials and Methods: In total, 102 patients with lymphohematopoietic malignancies and 50 healthy controls were examined in terms of Candida infections via direct sampling of the oropharyngeal cavity. Fresh smears were prepared with 10% potassium hydroxide and Gram staining was carried out. Subsequently, the obtained specimens were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar for further analysis.<br /> Results: The most common Candida species were Candida albicans (31%), other non-C. albicans species (14.7%), C. glabrata (6.8%), and C. krusei (0.98%) in the case group, while in the control group, other non-C. albicans species (10%) and C. albicans (8%) were the most common species.<br /> Conclusion: In the present study, Candida species were the most common fungal pathogens in pediatric cancer patients; therefore, efforts should be made to prevent fungemia and fungal pneumonia. Also, non-C. albicans species must be considered as a new risk factor for pediatric cancer patients.https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_90310_31d408f699a9ae16196900c175e5aa0a.pdfMazandaran University of Medical SciencesCurrent Medical Mycology2423-34391420151201Evaluation of the antifungal activity of olive leaf aqueous extracts against Candida albicans PTCC-502737399031110.18869/acadpub.cmm.1.4.37ENZahraNasrollahiReligion and Medicine Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, IranMaryamAbolhasannejadDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, IranJournal Article20190709In this study, antifungal property of olive leaf extracts against Candida albicans PTCC-5027 was examined. Fresh olive leaf extracts were prepared using distilled water in a Soxhlet apparatus. The antifungal activity of the extract was analyzed by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), using the microdilution test and disc diffusion assay. The olive leaf aqueous extracts exhibited antifungal effects against the yeast with an MIC of 24 mg/ml, MFC of 48 mg/ml, and inhibition zone diameter of 21 mm. The results indicated the sensitivity of Candida albicans PTCC-5027 to olive leaf aqueous extracts.https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_90311_ad147b0d579dc22c068ab1ee67944f8c.pdfMazandaran University of Medical SciencesCurrent Medical Mycology2423-34391420151201In vitro antifungal properties of Pistacia atlantica and olive extracts on different fungal species404590312DOI:10.18869/acadpub.cmm.1.4.40ENZahraShialyDepartment of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranMajidZarrinDepartment of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranBatoolSadeghi-NejadAbadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran and Cellular, Molecular Research Center of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran0000-0001-5326-3611SYusef NaanaieAgricultural and Natural Resources Research CenterJournal Article20190709Background and Purpose: Pistacia atlantica, which belongs to the Anacardiaceae family, grows in the Zagrossian region of Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal properties of Pistacia atlantica and olive leaf extracts against different fungal species.<br /> Materials and Methods: In this study, we assessed the activities of olive leaf extracts and Pistacia atlantica leaf and fruit extracts against Candida species, including C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei. In addition, antifungal activities against three filamentous species, i.e., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus fumigates, were assessed, using the agar-well diffusion method.<br /> Results: The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) values of fruit and leaf extracts from Pistacia atlantica ranged 6.25-12.5 mg ml-1 and 6.25-25 mg ml-1 against the tested Candida and Aspergillus species, respectively. The olive leaf extracts showed no activity against Candida species or Aspergillus flavus, while they exhibited antifungal potency against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus (MIC: 12.5-25 mg/ml). The MICs of the mixture of selected extracts ranged from 6.25 to 25 mg/ml.<br /> Conclusion: Based on the results, the ethanolic extracts of the selected plants exhibited antifungal potency against the tested fungi and could be used as natural antifungal agents.https://cmm.mazums.ac.ir/article_90312_7ee6d696cfae03c9f021c244c0ebd1b9.pdf