1. Xiao Z, Wang Q, Zhu F, An Y. Epidemiology, species
distribution, antifungal susceptibility and mortality risk factors
of Candidemia among critically ill patients: a retrospective study
from 2011 to 2017 in a teaching hospital in China. Antimicrob
Resist Infect Control. 2019; 8:89.
2. Sanguinetti M, Posteraro B, Lass-Flörl C. Antifungal drug
resistance among Candida species: mechanisms and clinical
impact. Mycoses. 2015; 58(Suppl 2):2-13.
3. Aboualigalehdari E, Ghafourian S, Sadeghifard N, Sekawi Z. Is
Candida albicans a cause of nosocomial infection in Iran? Rev
Med Microbiol. 2013; 24(4):85-8.
4. Seyoum E, Bitew A, Mihret A. Distribution of Candida albicans
and non-albicans Candida species isolated in different clinical
samples and their in vitro antifungal suscetibity profile in
Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2020; 20(1):231.
5. Hesstvedt L, Gaustad P, Andersen CT, Haarr E, Hannula R,
Haukland HH, et al. Twenty-two years of Candidaemia
surveillance: results from a Norwegian national study. Clin
Microbiol Infect. 2015; 21(10):938-45.
6. Abass E, Mohamed S, El-Kholy I, Zaki S. Incidence of ICUacquired candidemia in a tertiary care hospital in Cairo, Egypt.
Egypt J Microbiol. 2019; 54(1):55-61.
7. Kadry AA, El-Ganiny AM, El-Baz AM. Comparison of methods
used in identification of Candida albicans. Res J Pharm
Technol. 2018; 11(3):1164-8.
8. Baradkar VP, Mathur M, Kumar S. Hichrome candida agar for
identification of Candida species. Indian J Pathol Microbiol.
2010; 53(1):93-5.
9. Murray CK, Beckius ML, Green JA, Hospenthal DR. Use of
chromogenic medium for the isolation of yeasts from clinical
specimens. J Med Microbiol. 2005; 54(Pt 10):981-5.
10. Chang HC, Leaw SN, Huang AH, Wu TL, Chang TC. Rapid
identification of yeasts in positive blood cultures by a multiplex
PCR method. J Clin Microbiol. 2001; 39(10):3466-71.
11. Carvalho A, Costa-De-Oliveira S, Martins ML, Pina-Vaz C,
Rodrigues AG, Ludovico P, et al. Multiplex PCR identification
of eight clinically relevant Candida species. Med Mycol. 2007;
45(7):619-27.
12. Bassetti M, Peghin M, Timsit JF. The current treatment
landscape: candidiasis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016; 71(Suppl
2):ii13-22.
13. Cannon RD, Lamping E, Holmes AR, Niimi K, Baret PV,
Keniya MV, et al. Efflux-mediated antifungal drug resistance.
Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009; 22(2):291-321.
14. Perlin DS, Shor E, Zhao Y. Update on antifungal drug
resistance. Curr Clin Microbiol Rep. 2015; 2(2):84-95.
15. Bhattacharjee P. Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of
Candida species in a tertiary care hospital, Kolkata, India. Curr
Med Mycol. 2016; 2(2):20-7.
16. Cornet M, Sendid B, Fradin C, Gaillardin C, Poulain D, Nguyen
HV. Molecular identification of closely related Candida species
using two ribosomal intergenic spacer fingerprinting methods. J
Mol Diagn. 2011; 13(1):12-22.
17. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Method for
anti-fungal disk diffusion susceptibility testing of yeasts:
approved guideline. 2nd ed. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory
Standards Instituite; 2009.
18. Scorzoni L, de Paula E Silva AC, Marcos CM, Assato PA, de
Melo WC, de Oliveira HC, et al. Antifungal therapy: new
advances in the understanding and treatment of mycosis. Front
Microbiol. 2017; 8:36.
19. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis:
a persistent public health problem. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007;
20(1):133-63.
20. Daef E, Moharram A, Eldin SS, Elsherbiny N, Mohammed M.
Evaluation of chromogenic media and semi-nested PCR in the
identification of Candida species. Braz J Microbiol. 2014;
45(1):255-62.
21. Hassan MH, Ismail MA, Moharram AM, Shoreit M. Prevalence
of vaginal infection by multidrug resistant Candida species
among different ages in Egypt. Am J Microbiol Res. 2017;
5(4):78-85.
22. Khairat SM, Sayed AM, Nabih M, Soliman NS, Hassan YM.
Prevalence of Candida blood stream infections among
children in tertiary care hospital: detection of species and
antifungal susceptibility. Infect Drug Resist. 2019; 12:
2409-16.
23. Kaur R, Dhakad MS, Goyal R, Kumar R. Emergence of nonalbicans Candida species and antifungal resistance in
intensive care unit patients. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2016;
6(5):455-60.
24. Kothavade RJ, Kura MM, Valand AG, Panthaki MH. Candida
tropicalis: its prevalence, pathogenicity and increasing resistance
to fluconazole. J Med Microbiol. 2010; 59(8):873-80.
25. Reichart PA, Samaranayake LP, Samaranayake YH, Grote M,
Pow E, Cheung B. High oral prevalence of Candida krusei in
leprosy patients in Northern Thailand. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;
40(12):4479-85.
26. Hope W, Morton A, Eisen DP. Increase in prevalence of
nosocomial non-Candida albicans candidaemia and the
association of Candida krusei with fluconazole use. J Hosp
Infect. 2002; 50(1):56-65.
27. Sandhya Rani T, Srikumar R, Reddy EP, Latha S. Prevalence
and characterization of opportunistic candidal infection among
patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Indian J Public Health.
2019; 10(7):448-58.
28. Sharma Y, Chumber SK, Kaur M. Studying the prevalence,
species distribution, and detection of in vitro production of
phospholipase from Candida isolated from cases of invasive
candidiasis. J Global Infect Dis. 2017; 9(1):8-11.
29. Yang CW, Barkham TM, Chan FY, Wang Y. Prevalence of
Candida species, including Candida dubliniensis, in Singapore.
J Clin Microbiol. 2003; 41(1):472-4.
30. Esmat MM, Mohamed T, Abdelrahman AH. Species
identification and antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida
isolates from ICU patients in Sohag University Hospital, Upper
Egypt. Egypt J Med Microbiol. 2015; 38(3676):1-9.
31. Ziesing S, Suerbaum S, Sedlacek L. Fungal epidemiology and
diversity in cystic fibrosis patients over a 5-year period in a
national reference center. Med Mycol. 2016; 54(8):781-6.
32. Al Shakirchi M, Klingspor L, Bergman P, Hjelte L, de
Monestrol I. A 16-year retrospective study on fungal prevalence
and diversity in patients with Cystic Fibrosis-Candida
dubliniensis was associated with a decline in lung function. Int J
Infect Dis. 2020; 96:663-70.
33. Vermitsky JP, Edlind TD. Azole resistance in Candida glabrata:
coordinate upregulation of multidrug transporters and evidence
for a Pdr1-like transcription factor. Antimicrob Agents
Chemother. 2004; 48(10):3773-81.
34. Whaley SG, Berkow EL, Rybak JM, Nishimoto AT, Barker KS,
Rogers PD. Azole antifungal resistance in Candida albicans and
emerging non-albicans Candida species. Front Microbiol. 2017;
7:2173.
35. Yoo JI, Choi CW, Lee KM, Kim YK, Kim TU, Kim EC, et al.
National surveillance of antifungal susceptibility of Candida
species in South Korean hospitals. Med Mycol. 2009;
47(5):554-8.
36. Berkow EL, Lockhart SR. Fluconazole resistance in Candida
species: a current perspective. Infect Drug Resist. 2017;
10:237-45.
37. Perlin DS. Echinocandin resistance in Candida. Clin Infect Dis.
2015; 61(Suppl 6):S612-7.
38. Bitew A, Abebaw Y. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: species
distribution of Candida and their antifungal susceptibility
pattern. BMC Womens Health. 2018; 18(1):94.
39. Kadry AA, El-Ganiny AM, El-Baz AM. Relationship between
Sap prevalence and biofilm formation among resistant clinical
isolates of Candida albicans. Afr Health Sci. 2018;
18(4):1166–74.
40. Pristov KE, Ghannoum MA. Resistance of Candida to azoles
and echinocandins worldwide. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;
25(7):792-8.
41. Khan Z, Ahmad S, Mokaddas E, Meis JF, Joseph L, Abdullah A,
et al. Development of echinocandin resistance in Candida
tropicalis following short-term exposure to caspofungin for empiric therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018;
62(4):e01926-17.
42. Gallis HA, Drew RH, Pickard WW. Amphotericin B: 30 years of
clinical experience. J Infect Dis. 1990; 12(2):308-29.
43. Vincent BM, Lancaster AK, Scherz-Shouval R, Whitesell L,
Lindquist S. Fitness trade-offs restrict the evolution of resistance
to amphotericin B. PLoS Biol. 2013; 11(10):e1001692.
)
