Background and Purpose: Streptomyces, a genus of Actinobacteria, is recognized for its ability to produce diverse bioactive compounds with significant antimicrobial properties. Candida biofilms pose a major clinical challenge due to their high resistance to antifungal agents and evasion of host immune responses. This systematic review evaluated the efficacy and mechanisms of Streptomyces-derived compounds in inhibiting Candida biofilms, with a focus on their potential clinical applications.
Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and LILACS databases, covering studies published between 2016 and 2024. The selection was limited to in vitro studies assessing the effects of Streptomyces-derived compounds on Candida biofilms. Articles were screened based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria following PRISMA guidelines. Risk of bias was evaluated using standardized tools.
Results: Nine studies met the eligibility criteria. Several Streptomyces species were reported to produce compounds, such as pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, bafilomycin derivatives, and sorbicillin, which exhibited strong antibiofilm activity. These compounds have been shown to interfere with biofilm formation through various mechanisms, including disruption of cell membranes and inhibition of hyphal adhesion and development. Notably, Streptomyces olivaceus and Streptomyces chrestomyceticus strains produced secondary metabolites that significantly reduced biofilm formation of Candida species.
Conclusion: Compounds derived from Streptomyces offer promising antifungal strategies against biofilm-associated Candida infections. Further research is needed to explore their clinical application in combating antifungal resistance and improving treatment outcomes in healthcare settings.